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Tylissos (Τύλισος) is one of the few places in Crete that has kept its name since ancient times. Between 1200 and 1000 BC, many settlements were abandoned by their inhabitants, who founded new villages in more inaccessible areas. Tylissos is an exception because it was inhabited all the time, thanks to which cultural continuity was maintained and the development of the religious center took place. Currently, the ruins of this important ancient city are located only 50 meters from modern farms. Thanks to this one can get the impression that Tylissos shares no more than a dozen centuries ago.
One of the most important figures who contributed to many archaeological discoveries in Crete was Joseph Chatzidakis. It was thanks to him that the modern world saw the remains of the Minoan palace in Malia, he recognized the significance of the Dikte cave on the Lashiti Plateau, and we owe to the creation of the Archaeological Museum in Heraklion, now considered one of Europe's leading museums.
The second important figure was Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt, English vice admiral, hydrographer and geologist, who in the mid-nineteenth century, during his long journey around Crete, conducted research in the field of geology, archeology, physical geography and the natural history of the island. He published the results of his work in 1865 in the book Travels and researches in Crete. Spratt's observations and observations were often the basis for conducting later excavations. Also in the case of Tyllisos, the traveler noted the information given to him by the then inhabitants of Tylissos about finding coins, graves and remains of buildings here.
However, thanks to the happiness and perceptiveness of Chatzidakis, we can see today the ruins of the ancient city of Tylissos located 16 km west of Heraklion. When in 1906, the inhabitants of this village dug four huge bronze boilers, they decided to sell them to one of the workshops located in Heraklion. Just then, by chance, these boilers caught the eye of Chatzadakis, who bought them on behalf of the Archaeological Museum. Thanks to this, he quickly obtained permission and money from the Greek government to carry out excavations in Tylissos. In June 1912, the first shovel was driven in, and archaeological work continued for three years in the summer months. Several dozen years later, the Greek archaeologist Nikolaos Platon continued the archaeological and restoration work here.
Tylissos was one of the leading cities of Minoan Crete. Its flourishing in 1650-1450 was mainly due to its location near the trail connecting Knossos with other Minoan centers located in the west of the island and the mountain of Idi inland. Tylissos' task was probably to control the strategic area between Central and West Crete and to regulate economic activity in the Malevizi district and the extensive region of Psiloritis, known for animal husbandry and wood and wool production.
Like the other Minoan cities, Tylissos was destroyed in 1450 BC, after which it was rebuilt and prospered until 1200 BC. Later its significance deteriorated.
Tylissos covered a fairly large area, because traces of houses from earlier periods were found throughout the archaeological site. The most important were three houses discovered in the northern part of today's village, which are marked with the letters A, B and C. Their impressive architecture was similar to that of Knossos, and the luxurious interior and high standard of living in this city are marked by fragments of frescoes and objects discovered here. These frescoes were so similar to those found in Knossos, that there is a suspicion that they were created by the same artists.
The largest of the unearthed villas was the one marked with the letter A. It was two-storey and led to a monumental entrance. There were 24 rooms on the ground floor with two warehouses. There were 50 pitos discovered in the whole house, while in the residential part a pot for cooking on a tripod. In addition to other less-significant artifacts, there were found clay tablets with linear A script and copper bars. Here, too, the famous bronze boilers were found by the inhabitants of Tylissos. House A probably also performed public functions, including as a meeting place.
House C was probably equally majestic, although it was basically composed of two buildings. The rooms on the ground floor were connected by a series of four corridors. After the destruction that took place in 1450 BC, the C house was covered with soil, thanks to which it was found by Chatzidakis in a quite good condition. The last of the discovered houses, House B was probably used as a warehouse or other administrative functions. This house was digested by fire.
To the west of House C a paved courtyard, a street, a dozen-meter section of water pipe from clay pipes was discovered. In the burial chambers, clay sarcophagi covered with patterns were also discovered. An interesting construction is a tanker for collecting water from the later post-palace period.
Unique finds that have been covered here: three large boilers, bronze figurines, luxury items testify to the size and richness of this city and the commercial relationships of that time. They suggest that Tylissos was probably an important center of bronze products.
The high position of the city can also be proved by coins that were beaten here. There were images of the goddess Hera, Apollo and the hunter with the bow and head of a wild goat.
Currently, excavations in Tylissos are probably the most surprising that we have been to Crete. The remains of the villa are located between the fields and courtyards of the Cretans who live here today. There is no tourist crowd, so the remains of the buildings can be visited in complete peace, spending as much time as we need. The car can be parked in the yard of the nearest house. An admission ticket (€ 2) for the excavation site can be purchased at the small ticket office located at the entrance. You can feel the homely atmosphere here. Strolling between the high walls of old buildings, we encounter remnants of clay pitons that lie in many corners. You can look at them, touch them, and no one will break off your head. If anyone is a fan of all kinds of excavations, we strongly recommend visiting Tylissos.
To get to Tylissos, drive along the New National Road from Gazi, which is a few kilometers west of Heraklion. Going to Arolithos, after passing this town and driving less than 4 km, you will reach Tylissos, where you should look for the characteristic brown signs that will lead you to your destination.
And at the end of the riddle ... Do you know what happened to Joseph Chatzadakis after completing work at Tylissos? Well, the discoverer began to dig up the remains of the palace in Malia ... :)
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